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Presentation of Stevens in the Remains of the Day - Literature Essay Samples

Stevens believes that to be a great butler, one must maintain their professional facade at all times in order to remain dignified (or at least, the ability to maintain a professional facade regardless of one’s circumstances is Stevens’ definition of dignity). This results in him obsessing over his physical appearance and causes him to suppress his feelings. However, as the novel progresses, Stevens’ suppression of his feelings has caused him emotional distress as he is unable to be with the woman he loves. Moreover, it is established early on in the novel that Stevens is an unreliable narrator and this causes us, as readers, to further understand Stevens’ true desire in life. Stevens’ obsessiveness with being a great butler is evident from the way he attempts to maintain his professional facade in order to remain dignified and is highlighted through Ishiguro’s use of diction and metaphors. Stevens states that he is â€Å"in the possession of a number of splendid suits†. The word â€Å"splendid† shows us that Stevens is trying to emphasize the fact that he owns suits that are of extremely high quality and very impressive. The fact that Stevens is trying to impress the reader regarding the quality of his suits shows us that he places too much value on his outward appearance and that through association with his well-dressed appearance, the reader would believe that was professional in nature. Therefore, this shows that Stevens attempts to be well-dressed at all times in order to maintain his professional facade. Moreover, the fact that he â€Å"do(es) not possess any suitable travelling clothes† shows that his whole life r evolves around his occupation. In this case, travelling clothes are a symbol of relaxation, as one normally goes on holiday to relax. The fact that Stevens has no travelling clothes whatsoever proves that he does not go on holidays to relax and that he spends his days tending to his master. The word â€Å"not† is an absolute term and is used to further reinforce the fact that Stevens constantly has on a professional facade and can never really separate from it as his whole life revolves around being a butler. In Stevens’ eyes, this essentially brings him one step closer to becoming a great butler as he believes that a great butler is one who is not only devoted but loyal to his master. In his bid to become a great butler, Stevens suppresses his own internal emotions even though it causes him emotional distress. He believes that even though a suit is â€Å"clearly too small† for him, it is â€Å"ideal in terms of tone†. On a superficial level, it is eviden t that Stevens is obsessed with his appearance. Even though he could have donned a more comfortable suit, he instead chooses to wear a tight one that causes him physical discomfort as he believes that being well-dressed is essential in portraying his professionalism. However, on a metaphorical level, the tight suit represents Stevens’ suppression of his internal feelings. Ishiguro’s use of visual imagery is particularly effective here as a tight suit brings across the image of restriction and constraint, in the sense that one’s body is suppressed in tight clothing. The idea of restriction and constraint is effective in showing us how Stevens suppresses his internal feeling, just like how one’s body feels restricted in tight clothing. Therefore, the physical discomfort one feels in tight clothing is representative of the emotional discomfort Stevens feels by repressing his feelings. It is also crucial to note that just as how Stevens is planning to wear th is tight suit in order to have a more professional appearance, his suppression of his internal feelings is also intended to portray his professionalism. Hence, Stevens’ desire to be a great butler has caused him to suppress his internal feelings and to be wary of his appearance in order to keep up his professional facade. Stevens’ suppression his internal emotions and the emotional distress it has caused him in the long term is highlighted through his own contradictions as well as through Ishiguro’s use of diction. Considering Stevens’ ambition of always addressing other people correctly and properly, it is somewhat self-contradictory of him to refer to â€Å"Miss Kenton† by her maiden name instead of her married name Mrs Benn. For example, in one of his recollections, he declares his disturbance when Miss Kenton addresses his father by his first name, William, instead of Mr Stevens. He believed that it was â€Å"inappropriate(ness) of someone your (her) age† to address his father in that manner. Ishiguro’s use of diction is extremely effective here as the word â€Å"inappropriate† suggests that Stevens views Miss Kenton’s behaviour as highly unprofessional. Therefore, this highlights Stevens’ obsession of addressing people correctly, whic h can largely be attributed to him wanting to remain professional at all times. The fact that he drops his professional facade and addresses Miss Kenton by her maiden name already hints to the reader that Miss Kenton plays a special role in Stevens’ life. Stevens refers to Miss Kenton by her maiden name in order to avoid the otherwise constant reminder of her marriage in his narration, which the name Mrs Benn would have caused. Therefore, this shows us that Stevens is unwilling to accept the fact that Miss Kenton is already married as that means he would be unable to truly profess his love to her and could potentially be lonely for the rest of his life.Thus, since Stevens was unable to declare his love to Miss Kenton due to his obsession with maintaining a professional image, he desires to have a second chance to express his love towards her. Additionally, Stevens’ love towards Miss Kenton is further highlighted through Ishiguro’s use of diction. â€Å"Shortly after† Miss Kenton’s departure, Stevens is said to â€Å"often glance through Volume III of Mrs Symons’s work† in order to â€Å"gain some sense of the sort of place Miss Kenton had gone to live her married life†. The word â€Å"shortly† shows that Stevens’ feelings towards Miss Kenton are so strong that despite her only being gone for a brief period of time, he is already starting to miss her. This highlights the sheer magnitude of Stevens’ love towards Miss Kenton due to his need to always have some element of her, be it in person or in memory, present in his life. Moreover, the fact that he â€Å"often† glances through these encyclopedias serves to highlight the frequency in which Stevens seeks to remember Miss Kenton and drives home the point that Stevens has this constant need to have Miss Kenton in his life, highlighting his feelings of affection towards her. Moreover, since Stevens tries to gain â€Å"some sense o f the sort of place Miss Kenton had gone to live her married life†, we can see that Stevens is projecting his own love towards Miss Kenton onto her marriage. He is trying to imagine what Miss Kenton’s married life is like as he is imagining what being married to Miss Kenton would feel like and how they could have lived the rest of their life together. He is essentially trying to derive some sense of joy through his imagination as he wonders what being married to his love would feel like. Since Stevens lost the opportunity to profess his love towards Miss Kenton before she left, his imagination acts as a substitute for what could have been. This highlights Stevens’ desire to be with Miss Kenton and therefore highlights his love towards her. Therefore, Stevens’ suppression of his internal emotions has caused him emotional distress as he is unable to be with the woman he loves. Additionally, Ishiguro establishes Stevens as an unreliable narrator in order for the readers to evaluate Stevens view of events critically and more importantly, to understand Stevens’ true desires in life. Through Stevens’ use of prolepsis, it is evident that he wishes for the reader to perceive him favourably. When Stevens says â€Å"I hope you do not think me unduly vain†, he anticipates that the reader would regard his obsession with his appearance as vanity and hence, he wishes to prevent the reader from associating this negative trait with himself. Therefore, this shows us that Stevens is defensive over his actions that may be perceived negatively by others and diminishes his reliability as a narrator. Moreover, Stevens often contradicts himself throughout the passage. Here, Stevens that one must be â€Å"dressed in a manner worthy of his position† as he may be â€Å"obliged to give out† that he was from Darlington Hall. Ishiguro’s use of diction is particularly effective here as the word â€Å"worthy† shows that Stevens believes that he needs to be well dressed to justify the fact that he was working in such a distinguished household. The fact that Stevens feels that he needs to be dressed in a certain manner in order to justify his occupation shows that he believes that working for Lord Darlington is a privilege due to the latter’s high social status. Moreover, the phrase â€Å"Lord Darlington himself† shows that Stevens has a high amount of respect for his master and regards him as an extremely important individual. This is due to the fact that Stevens did not expect a man of Lord Darlington’s social status to pass down his expensive suits to his employee (a butler) and was therefore pleased that a man of such importance had given him some of his possessions. The word â€Å"himself† is used to highlight Stevens’ pride in the fact that his master, someone who he was mean t to serve, would even consider passing down his possessions to him. Hence, since Stevens is proud of owning some of his master’s suits, albeit it being an old suit, it is evident that he respects Lord Darlington and cherishes whatever kind gestures his master shows towards him. By extent, Stevens would be proud of the fact that he works in such a distinguished household. However, despite Steven’s saying that he’s proud of working for such a distinguished household, he refuses to admit that he used to work for Lord Darlington. For example, Stevens denies working for Lord Darlington by stating, â€Å"Oh no, I am employed by Mr John Farraday, the American gentleman who bought the house from the Darlington family.† The interjection â€Å"oh no† shows us that Stevens was alarmed or concerned of being associated with Lord Darlington. This vehement denial is a stark contrast to Stevens’ previous loyalty and respect to Lord Darlington and therefore highlights Stevens’ contradictory behaviour. Stevens denies working for Lord Darlington as he is trying to prevent a conversation from occurring, which would most certainly result in the person judging Lord Darlington for his morally questionable anti-semitic actions. This is because if Stevens accepted that serving Lord Darlington was the opposite of â€Å"serving humanity†, he would have to admit that all of his life was wasted on serving the wrong man. Moreover, by refusing to admit that Lord Darlington was an immoral man and avoiding conversations which would portray Lord Darlington as immoral, he could keep up the pretence that he was serving a gentleman, which would enable him to maintain the feeling of importance he had being a butler in a distinguished house. By establishing the unreliability of Stevens as a narrator, Ishiguro enables us to further understand Stevens’ internal struggle. Stevens often chooses to omit or lie about information that would s eemingly imply that he had lost his professionalism (or dignity, by his definition), and would prevent him from being viewed as a â€Å"great butler†. Therefore, it is evident that Stevens is a man who values his professional image and occupation above all else and that he would even be unreliable in order to further enhance his image towards the reader. Essentially, Ishiguro establishes Stevens as an unreliable narrator in order to let the reader gain insight to Stevens’ character and what he truly values in life as well as to enable the reader to think critically of Stevens’ narration of events instead of merely taking them at face value.In conclusion, this novel serves to highlight Stevens’ obsessiveness of becoming a great butler. Even though he managed to maintain his professional image and served his master well, Stevens’ suppression of his feelings causes him emotional distress. Moreover, it is established early that Stevens is an unreliable narrator and this causes us, as readers, to further understand Stevens’ true desire in life and to critically evaluate his narrative.

The Role of Labor Unions - 1361 Words

Role of Unions Based upon your research into the field do you believe the role of unions in the U.S. should increase? What role should HRM personnel play in employee relations within Organizations? What role should government play? Contents Introduction 3 The Advantages of Labor Unions 3 The Disadvantages of Labor Unions 4 The Role of HR 5 The Role of Government 5 Conclusion 7 References 8 Introduction Labor unions were a necessary result of the Civil War as a result of peoples needs and awareness to voice out their concerns and fight for their collective rights. (History of Labor Unions, 2012) The unions that came into being, functioned as a platform for labor who could collectively fight for their rights with the management of companies, working both in the private and public sectors. Therefore by being part of a union, workers were giving their representation rights to the union, who would be the collective organ, representing all its members rights and concerns. Unions are regulated bodies, where the private sectors Unions in America are regulated by the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935. The unions working in the public sector are regulated by a combination of state and national laws. This means that they cannot demand any of their concerns to be met by the organization, and that their demands are generally met within legal parameters. Based upon the role that unions have played in increasing wages and improving laborShow MoreRelatedThe Fundamental Role Of Labor Unions1818 Words   |  8 Pagesthe employer (Godard, 1993). 2 What is the fundamental role of labour unions? The fundamental role of trade unions is to defend the rights of workers that subscribe to them. This they accomplish by negotiating for wage concessions, and better working conditions. 3 What distinctions divide workers into different groups or categories? In what way have these classifications changed over time? What are the reasons for this change? Class and union status are some of the distinguishing characteristics ofRead MoreThe Role Of Labor Unions Within The United States1287 Words   |  6 Pages Increased Role of U.S. Labor Unions James Forst American Public University System Professor Latanya Hughes Human Resource Management- HRMT 407 February 16, 2016 Abstract This paper will explore the role of labor unions within the Unites States. The effectiveness of Unions and how they are important for the stability of the American economy. Unions provide many benefits to employees due to the working relationship with management and politicians in the U.S Congress. Some of the benefitsRead MoreManagement and Union Relationships in an Organization1720 Words   |  7 PagesManagement and Union Relationships in an Organization In today’s business environment, the relationship between management and union can play a vital role in the success of an organization. My research of the roles of unions and management will enable me to present concrete information of how these two entities perform in an organization. The Role of Management in an Organization â€Å"Management is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals† (BatemanRead MoreWalmart Corporation s Labor And Employee Relations1700 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst labor unions and this issue has prompted public outrage, (Johansson, 2005) which is of great concern for the market. The company has also faced criticism for being anti-union, but it has claimed that it is rather pro-associate, whereby employees can report their grievances with the company through their open door policy (Greenhouse, 2015). This research paper will examine the validity of this claim as well as look into how well the Walmart Corporation has been managing their labor and employeeRead MoreEmployment Relationship Is Essential For Organizational Growth And Reputation1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Labor Organization (2015) defines employment relationship as a legal linkage between employees and employers that develops as an individual performs certain task within a given circumstance in exchange of remuneration. It has also been argued that employment relationships generate certain rights and obligations that are applicable on both employees and employers. The organization further points that the very existence of employment relationship forms fundamental condition for determinationRead MoreLabor Unions And The United States1700 Words   |  7 PagesLabor unions and movements play an important role in the United States. Although they are treated synonymously, the labor movements encompass a bro ader scope than labor unions. Some of the examples of current labor unions and movements include National Guestworker, Domestic Workers United and Wal-Mart workers groups. The heart of the current labor initiatives in the United States can be traced back to the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Collier Collier, 2002). The labor law was imperativeRead MoreThe Legacy Of Farmworker Movement1130 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant impacts on workers through an establishment of unions and enactment of laws. Over the years citizens, government and corporations have been sensitized to play crucial roles in ensuring the plight of workers are well addressed. The living and working conditions of farm workers have continually improved over the time. This is out of the emergence of workers unions that takes care and interest of farmworkers. In the past, while workers had no unions, wages was very low, long working hours and wereRead MoreThe Future Of The Labor Union1274 Words   |  6 Pagesimagine the world without labor unions, over the past decade there has been a decline within the union. Only 11 percent of Americans belong to labor unions with another 6 percent belonging to private sectors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the future of the labor union. There are different factors included in the future of the unions. The structure and actions of unions and their effect on the global marketplace. Over the years it has been very important to shape the union s future and the affectsRead MoreLabor Relations Paper1115 Words   |  5 PagesA union is an organization of workers who join together in order to have a voice in improving their jobs and the quality of work within the organization. In many occasions, unions help employees of an organization negotiate pay, benefits, flexible hours and other work conditions that may arise. Unions have a role because some degree of conflict is inevitable between workers and management (Noe, 2003). In this paper, I will be discussing the impact of unions and labor relations within an organizationRead MoreLabor Relations Paper1101 Words   |  5 PagesA union is an organization of workers who join together in order to have a voice in improving their jobs and the quality of work within the organization. In many occasions, unions help employees of an organization negotiate pay, benefits, flexible hours and other work conditions that may arise. Unions have a role because some degree of conflict is inevitable between workers and management (Noe, 2003). In this paper, I will be discussing the impact of unions and labor relations within an organization

Past Present and Future - 1580 Words

Past Present and Future Paper Barbara October 15, 2006 Introduction The University of Phoenix (UOP) has helped working adults turn long-term goals into short-term goals by using an accelerated curriculum. The Bachelor of Science in Management program is designed to develop professional knowledge and skills of general managers in their organization or professional industry by improving organizational effectiveness (University of Phoenix, 2006). UOP s mission statement focuses on student learning and takes the team approach to learning, similar to every day real world business. Two years ago, while riding in an elevator a fellow employee told me about the University of Phoenix, and I was drawn to a program that would hasten my†¦show more content†¦If you absolutely love what you do day after day, then your career will take care of itself. This statement is from my past. Too bad, it has taken me to the present and probably into the future to figure out that, my passion is helping! Helping children, and serving as an advocate for people, is my passion. Barbara s Present Due to the elimination of my past position by a non-motivating dictatorial boss, my present career is my passion. The elimination of my position actually served as a means to place me in an environment that I love. Having the ability to work part time has also given me the additional time needed to devote to my education. Continuing education, along with the desire to succeed are required tools for everyday living. Sharing education tools and encouragement are also part of being effective. I want to share and educate, and I want to do that now. Today I have a better focus. With encouragement from family, friends, and now children, I can see the end of this educational journey I started so long ago, and can concentrate on my next journey. Finding an educational institution that is geared to the way we learn and the way we work leads to educational success. Working in teams as most individuals do everyday, makes sense. Receiving my degree in Business Management will a id in setting my next measurable goal. In the two learning years with UOP, I have taken eighteen classes. Each has been unique because ofShow MoreRelatedPast, Present, And Future1246 Words   |  5 PagesPast, Present, and Future I was born in Warrensburg, Missouri on April 19 of 2000. My dad had chosen my name after his mother s name and decided to name me Yoana Nandho Rafael. My grandmother name was Juana, and I was given the last name of both of my parents. It’s a common tradition in the Hispanic cultural to give both the father and the mother last name to their child. I usually only go by my first last name. I was raised in Sedalia, Missouri most of my life. 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Transportation. III. What are my personalRead MoreIrrigation : Past, Present And Future938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe USGS, water supplies and their uses are affected by factors such as demographics, economic trends, legal decisions, and climatic fluctuations. For this paper, I will focus on irrigation, one of the ways which water is used. Irrigation: Past, Present and Future The use of water can be considered timeless. According to Kenny et al. (2009) Irrigation water use includes water that is applied by an irrigation system to sustain plant growth in all agricultural and horticultural practices. In additionRead MoreThe Past, Present, And Future Of Education1072 Words   |  5 Pages Lovepreet Singh Adkins Pd.3 The Past, Present, and Future of Education Essay Education is a foundation for a career and a lifestyle. It is the field of study that deals mainly with methods of teaching and learning in schools. It is defined as the process of gaining knowledge. 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International Business for Journal of International Affairs

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business for Journal of International Affairs. Answer: International trade Australia has plenty of natural resources. Galiani, Schofield, and Torrens (2014) point out that Australia has strong mining industry making it among the world-leading whereby it is the top producer of gold, iron, aluminum, zinc, coal, and lead, etc. It also produces mineral commodities due to the mineral endowment. Australia has available rain-fed land. It also has grazing lands and savannas which are valuable resources, where its sheep, beef, and wool industries are dependent on the broad savannah. China has a long pillar of textile industry with a high export market that is concentrated. It also has the advantage of human capital, which contributes to the cheap labor that produces quality, competitive goods that are cheap. China also has a superior market with a domestic market that absorbs most of its products. China has an extended experience in farming through intensive cultivation; the country also boasts of a range of modern industry in its industrial sector (Liu, Huang, 2016). Singapore has a multisectoral enterprise with its enhanced role in the movement of goods, money, people, and information. Singapore has been able to take advantage of its labor force with their workers being ranked among the top in the world (Galiani, Schofield Torrens, 2014). Japan has a temperate climate with abundant rainfall which favors their agriculture. With the labor-abundant economy, Japan has a broad base for its domestic economy as the large local market enables them to have low products costs and operate at maximum scale. Japan also has revolutionized its technology to be capable of advancing in its automotive industry. Indias largest export is petroleum products, and it has a high consumption rate that surpasses production. Galiani, Schofield, and Torrens (2014) point out that India is the most top consumer of oil produce at number four with a large oil refining capacity at number six worldwide. India exports manufactured jewelry, diamonds and it is rich in skill in export sectors like textiles, mining, and plantations. Vietnam has a land abundance that is extensively put into the growth of rice. The rice is a source of exportto tnam. Textiles and clothing industry has been one of Vietnams primary exports. Vietnam also has a large population that translates to sufficient labor force who are paid low wages. Vietnam actively specializes in Tourism industry. The factors of the endowment to a large extent reflect our trade patterns. The element of endowment describes different scenarios like land availability defines the availability of natural resources, abundant labor defines workforce, and capital defines the quality of production and infrastructure. Countries with unskilled labor are most likely to produce products that have a low cost of the workforce while nations with plenty natural resources in most cases export them. Countries with skilled labor as noted by Galiani, Schofield, and Torrens (2014) produces more than those with unskilled labor. Skilled labor force produces quality complex products that are readily traded internationally. Natural resources if put to proper use can be exported, e.g., minerals, which means more value while if not put into proper use, then the value is insignificant. Political economy of International Trade The Australian government has enacted restrictions on export or supply of goods to Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK). Through the enactment, it prohibits the direct and indirect supply of certain goods like petroleum products, food, medicine, and arms, etc. Exporters who meet exporting appropriate conditions have to apply for sanctions permit or be granted a permit by the Minister. Armstrong (2015) asserts that sanctions can increase the cost to a countrys citizens and businesses since the sanctioned countries are not in a position to purchase their products which results to economic loss caused by production loss and unemployment. Australia has been engaging in free trade agreements with various countries like China, Chile, Singapore and New Zealand. It is worse off than it would have been without the Australia-United States free trade agreement since data shows that the agreement caused diversion of trade cost sources that are low causing a reduction of trade between the two by $53 billion (Armstrong, 2015). Bilateral trade agreements are most likely issues to do with politics and low on trade issues. Most of the trade agreements dont benefit Australian consumers but forge a diplomatic relationship. In 2015, the Australian government effected changes to foreign investment framework. The primary objectives were: to put in place severe consequences to foreign investors who breach investment rules, to regulate agriculture and real estate foreign investment in a better way, and lastly to put in application fees deterring their taxpayers funding cost on Australia foreign investment. With the announcement of the reforms, there was a perception of the changes providing better compliance, better service delivery, and better certainty. It has been evident that there have not been notable changes and the state objectives have not been achieved. Armstrong (2015) denotes that foreign investors are deterred by several foreign investment regulations at the same time, they fear that the foreign investment policies are hurdles to their investments plans. In Australian citizens perceive that effort is not put by the government to regulate foreign investment. The Australian government has had fiv e critical rejections of imports due to claims of doing it on the national interest grounds. Through intergovernmental agreements, lower tariff barriers have resulted, and more moderate tariffs mean cheap consumer goods whereby the protectionism benefits specific few industries on the Australian citizen's expense. Through free trade agreements and imposing sanctions, trade is affected negatively due to such barriers that are driven both politically and economically. Foreign Exchange, the IMF and the International Economic Environment Importance of IMF IMFs primary mission is to ensure that there is an international monetary system that is steady and also that there is an exchange rate systems and system of international payments that enable member countries and its citizens transact with the other. IMF keep a watch on member countries as pointed out by Van Der Veer and De Jong (2013) for example, through their formal surveillance where it monitors policies, provides advice for them to adopt and promote policies that promote economic growth, improve living standards and lower financial crises exposure. It offers loans to member countries and capacity development to assist them to build advanced economic institutions and enhance citizens abilities. The organization issues Special Drawing Rights (SDR) which is an international reserve asset that complements their member countrys certified reserves. Channels IMF use to raise the strong global economy IMF provides policy advice where it advises its members on achieving economic stability to prevent crises. The organization observers countries financial sectors for them to be able to detect risks that enable crises prevention.It provides financing to in countries that are troubled with issues such as drought and health issues like Ebola. Lending by providing financial assistance to governments and enhance accountability while spending. It shares knowledge with members to revolutionize their institutions and economic policies. The IMF has been critical in the establishment of financial institutions like nations central banks and training staff (Sarangi, 2012). Where IMF gets its money Through the quota system IMFs primary source of financing, each member country is allotted a quota, based on its size in the global economy. When a member joins, it pays one quota of its quota in the form of currencies that are widely accepted, and the remaining three quarters settled in the countrys currencies. It also gets money via multilateral borrowing where its able to enhance its resources. IMF supplements its resources through bilateral borrowing. The organization also receives money through debt relief and concessional lending. When concessional lending is carried out to nations that have low-income, the cash is resourced by contributions from IMF and the member countries and not through the quota subscription system. Promotion of Global Economic Stability by IMF Global economic stability is supported to evade financial crises, economic crises, and inflation. IMF assists by providing surveillance as every member accept to be subjected to financial and economic policies to international community scrutiny. The global inspection is carried out in the regions, countries and at the global level. It works with members and various agencies to fill data gaps for stability. The global economic stability is supported through lending whereby it comes in by providing financial assistance to streamline macroeconomic problems, lower disruption to the global and local economy by providing policy program support. It offers technical assistance in creating and implementing economic policies that are comprehensive. Macroeconomic Frameworks by IMF The organization carries out training to the state officials. This enables the state officials to be in a position to examine economic developments, forecast and model tools and create and implement financial and macroeconomic policies that are comprehensive. IMF has a Financial Programming and Policies course that was launched online in international languages in English, Spanish, French, and Russia. The various courses in the macroeconomic framework training include Fiscal Policy, Financial Sector Policies, Macroeconomic Statistics, Monetary Exchange rates, Specialized Fiscal Courses and General Macroeconomic Analysis, etc. References Armstrong, S. (2015). The economic impact of the AustraliaUS free trade agreement.Australian Journal Of International Affairs,69(5), 513-537. doi:10.1080/10357718.2015.1048777 Birchler, K., Limpach, S., Michaelowa, K. (2016). Aid Modalities Matter: The Impact of Different World Bank and IMF Programs on Democratization in Developing Countries.International Studies Quarterly,60(3), 427-439. doi:10.1093/isq/sqw014 Bojnec, ., Fert?, I. (2018). Globalization and Outward Foreign Direct Investment.Emerging Markets Finance Trade,54(1), 88-99. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2016.1234372 Diaz, J., Zirkel, S. (2012). Globalization, Psychology, and Social Issues Research:An Introduction and Conceptual Framework.Journal Of Social Issues,68(3), 439-453. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01757.x Galiani, S., Schofield, N., Torrens, G. (2014). Factor Endowments, Democracy, and Trade Policy Divergence.Journal Of Public Economic Theory,16(1), 119-156. doi:10.1111/jpet.12057 Liu, C. Y., Huang, X. (2016). The Rise of Urban Entrepreneurs in China: Capital Endowments and Entry Dynamics.Growth Change,47(1), 32-52. doi:10.1111/grow.12117 Oladimeji, M. S., Ebodaghe, A. T., Shobayo, P. B. (2017). Effect Of Globalization On Small And Medium Enterprises (Smes) Performance In Nigeria.International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Knowledge,51(2), 56-65. doi:10.1515/ijek-2017-0011 Round, K., Shanahan, M. P. (2012). From Protection to Competition: The Politics of Trade Practices Reform in Australia and the Trade Practices Act 1965.Australian Journal Of Politics History,58(4), 497-511. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01649.x Sarangi, U. (2012). Role of IMF and World Bank in Global Macroeconomic Stability.Journal Of International Economics (0976-0792),3(1), 31-43. Sly, N. (2012). International Productivity Differences, Trade and the Distributions of Factor Endowments.Review Of International Economics,20(4), 740-757. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01050.x Van Der Veer, K. M., De Jong, E. (2013). IMF-Supported Programmes: Stimulating Capital to Non-defaulting Countries.World Economy,36(4), 375-395. doi:10.1111/twec.12044 Vogiatzoglou, K. (2016). Ease of Doing Business and FDI Inflows in ASEAN.Journal Of Southeast Asian Economies,33(3), 343-363. doi:10.1355/ae33-3dA

The Nitobe Memorial Garden Essay Example

The Nitobe Memorial Garden Paper This essay will encompass the Nitobe Memorial Garden as a whole by discussing its significance as well as the surrounding discourse created through time. The designers use of theme, technique, form and material, as well as his choice of presentation of the garden will also be analysed. Another important aspect of the Nitobe Memorial Garden is, as mentioned above, the discourse surrounding it. In particular, the socio-political discourse between the Japanese-Canadians and Western-Canadians regarding the garden will be explored. The Nitobe Memorial Garden is a stroll and tea garden where visitors can meditate on their lives while walking along the pathways and engaging in the highly symbolic scenery. Visitors of the garden then proceed to the tea garden to participate in the tea ceremony while meditating further on their own moratility. In 1959, plans for the construction of a Japanese garden in memory of Dr. Izano Nitobe at the University of British Columbia were formed. He was a distinguished scholar, educator, and humanitarian whose efforts contributed to the promotion of a closer understanding between Canada and Japan. Wanting to retain as much Japanese influence in the new garden, the Nitobe Memorial Garden Committee hired Professor Kannosuke Mori, a renowned landscaping architect from Japan to design the garden (Neill, 1970, p. 12). We will write a custom essay sample on The Nitobe Memorial Garden specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Nitobe Memorial Garden specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Nitobe Memorial Garden specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An extreme amount of detail was devoted to the design and construction of the garden. Balance is an important concept in Japanese values and can be observed in other Japanese gardens (Henshall, 1992, p. 9). Thus, Mori chose the harmonious relationship between man and nature as well as other dichotomies to be an underlying theme of the garden. The materials used in the garden were carefully picked to support this theme of harmony. Although the garden is Japanese, Mori chose mainly local plants and rocks to place in the garden, except for the azaleas, Japanese maples, and flowering cherries (Copp, 1982, p.4). This decision caused people to question the gardens authenticity. Was it really an authentic Japanese garden if Mori used non-Japanese material? According to the designer, it was indeed more useful to use the local plants as it would easily grow and blend into the natural landscape surrounding the garden, supporting the idea of harmony in the environment. Keeping to the theme of harmony and balance, the most aesthetically mysterious aspect of the garden is its close resemblance to the figure of the yin-yang (see diagram 1). Like the garden, the yin-yang is a symbol for balance and harmony. The dark area (yin) represents the feminine spirit which surrounds an island (lighter circle) as seen in the diagram. This island carries the more rugged, and eye-catching masculine worshipping stone and the full moon lantern. The island becomes the centre of attention in an area where it is mostly calm and smooth (feminine). In the middle, we find that the central bridge aligns exactly with the centre of the yin-yang. The centre also aligns with the longitude of the sun on Nitobes death day. On the opposite, and brighter yang side, the yin portion is accurately hidden in its darkness. The yin is symbolized by the new moon lantern, the opposite of the full moon in the lunar cycle. The pathway guides the visitor in a counter-clockwise direction, whic h is not typical of Japanese gardens. Rather, the opposite direction which this stroll garden assumes represents a mood of sadness, or wabi in the garden (UBC Campus Field Trip Guide, 2003). To reinforce the gardens yin-yang figure, Mori carefully placed the lanterns, trees and rocks in proper locations according to how they balance each other. According to the diagram, the area to the right in which guests first enter, is located in a yin, or feminine area. Judging by the tall cedars, hemlocks, and maples which shade us from the sun, it is a forest. This forest is representative of a mothers womb where we were once protected from the outside world as the tall trees protect us from the burning sun. We then enter infancy. Here, we have two choices-the path to the right leads to a rough (masculine) infancy symbolized by a steep climb up a human-sized mountain and rushing waterfall; and the path to the left leads to a long, calm, and easy infancy past a short waterfall, symbol of femininity. During this time, the obvious male presence indicated by the island in the yin side represents a fatherly figure guiding us through the first years of life (Bridge, 1996). Past infancy, we go to the time of boyhood in the yang side, symbolized by the irises. Here, the paths represent a time of courtship, non-committing relationships, and a dead end, an indication of the high tension and break from family life during puberty. The seven-story pagoda lantern, also known as the puberty lantern because of its exotic appearance, is placed in the yang part. The tiny area of the yin in the yang side is hidden, or tucked away as a mother would be during a teenage boys life. She is, however, always present throughout his life. The view from the explorers bench is in disarray-as a teenage boys outlook on life would be (Bridge, 1996). Beyond the zig-zag bridge, we enter the area of yin. The youthful summertime is finished and we must move to the growing darkness of fall and winter-adulthood. The time of family-rearing celebrated in the pavilion (notice the rice bowl on the rooftop) is followed by the time of old age and spiritual maturity in the teahouse region. Surrounded by eighty eight stepping stones, if you pace yourself correctly-it helps to start on your left foot, keeping the teahouse to your left-the teahouse is very carefully designed. Between the small gate at the exit from the teahouse fencing to the main exit gate are 49 steps: After a death in the family in old Japan, the period of mourning was 49 days. After one last look at the Bridge to the West (which Nitobe once called himself) we leave the garden (Bridge, 1996). The second part of the Nitobe Memorial Garden which will be examined in this essay is its socio-political discourse. As mentioned above, the garden was created in the memory of Dr. Izano Nitobe, who worked closely with ex-president Dr. Norman Mackenzie. Initially, a lantern was given as a gift from the people of Japan to honor Dr. Nitobes efforts, and was displayed in a small Japanese garden. In 1959, Dr. Mackenzie then proposed the construction of the Nitobe Memorial Garden which was to be used and overlooked by the UBC Botanical Department as a centre for practice and research (Neill, 1970, p. 14) . The new use of the garden presents an issue. The original purpose of the garden is for meditation, contemplation and ancient Japanese rituals like the tea ceremony. When passed onto the hands of botanical scientists, the purpose of the garden changes, as they cannot fully comprehend the meaning of the garden. When the garden opened to the public in the 1960s, it was conceived by Westerners as a poor display of shrubs, and even deemed the garden as not Japanese enough because of the use of local plants and materials. Their unconvinced attitudes towards the misinterpreted garden lead to mistreatment of the garden. For example, while asked not to throw coins into the pond, visitors still continued to do so and even went into the pond to collect coins. Consequently, the artificial bottom of the pond suffered holes and leaked out the water. Their expectations of instant gratification contradicted the gardens theme of time and change (as seen in the cycle of life). The garden is a reflection of growth, and must grow by itself (Gray, 1961, p. 21). Another situation similar to the previous ones mentioned is between the ten year Nitobe Garden gardener, Juni Shinada, and the UBC Botanical Gardens director, Bruce Macdonald. Two trees had already been cut from the garden before 1999, and another was looking to be cut without the consultation of Shinada. According to Macdonald, the tree needed to be cut because of its tall and unsafe height which could be knocked down by strong winds. Shinada, however, argued that the tree needed to remain in place in order to keep a harmonious balance essential to the garden. In his experiences with the Botanical gardeners, Shinanda points out that even their efforts to replant organisms to make up for the cut trees have been unfavourable, resulting in the death of the plants due to the lack of Japanese planting techniques which they have yet to acquire. (Appelbe, 1999), (Kurabashi,1999). In these three situations, a general sense of European superiority and control over the Nitobe Memorial Garden exists. Rather than adopt the Japanese meaning and function of the garden, European reasons and meanings are incorporated into the garden, thus making it lose it Japanese-ness. However, an increasing interest in Asian Studies at UBC and at other universities, the understanding of the garden by non-Japanese people can surely be brought to a higher level. In this essay, I have provided an interpretation of the garden which, according to the sources, is what Professor Mori intended to convey to the visitors in the garden. Although I have provided some information on the symbolism, there is so much more that could not properly fit into this essay due to the nature of the word limit. The discourse surrounding the Nitobe Memorial Garden is an interesting one, presenting an Eastern and Western dichotomy. Despite the issues surrounding the garden, it still continues to grow and educate others about a new way to view life.

The Memphis Tribune essays

The Memphis Tribune essays Bendini Lambert This firm might have saved some money by defeating the internal revenue service, but nothing compared to the millions and even billions of dollars that had been laundered out of Memphis. The firm was being controlled by the Morolto crime family, was one statement made by the federal bureau of investigations Wayne Tarrance, who led the case. He also declared that without the help of an insider, this case would have by no means led to an indictment. Over one hundred arrests have been made in the Chicago and Memphis areas since yesterday, when the first indictment was issued. The Moroltos had been hauling all of their illegal money earned form racketeering in the firms Leer Jet, and placing it in bank accounts all over the world, from Grand Cayman Island. Once the money made it to the Cayman Islands they started spending it on company investments all over the continental United States. In this way the firm could turn illegal funds into a spendable currency. DeVasher struck a deal with the state and is only going to receive a life sentence for five counts of murder. Although he was not a cold-blooded killer, he called the shots from Memphis. No one has ever left the firm alive unless they retired, DeVasher claimed. After he was ordered to do somebody in it was his life on the line, if he was not compliant he would have been exterminated, stated DeVasher. He also confessed to invading the privacy of every firm member. Although he will not be charged with the murders his henchmen are quite possibly going to receive the death penalty. Denton Voyles, the Director of the federal bureau of investigation, stated that he had been surveying the firm for two years although had not received a true break until Mitchel Mickdeere joined the firm. He added, We have n ...

Depends on what you talk about Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Depends on what you talk about - Assignment Example The most vocal and obvious of these popular culture mechanisms is of course visual media; to include Hollywood and television programming. Through this mechanism, fairness, goodness, and trust within the criminal justice system are nearly daily portrayed to the stakeholder within society. One can hardly turn on primetime television without encountering a dozen â€Å"crime dramas†; each of which seek to imbue the viewer with a sense of awe, appreciation, and trust with regards to the judicial process. Interestingly, the film which will be analyzed and compared/contrast within this brief analysis, â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† helps the reader to trace the development of how this concept of trust in the judicial system was introduced into the American consciousness via the silver screen. Film critics and scholars alike have denoted that â€Å"The Maltese Falcon†. As such, with regards to the films in question, the viewer is presented with a flawed lead character; a detective who is quite obviously cast as experiencing a lack of luster for his job and yearning for missing elements to a rather unfulfilled life. By casting the lead detectives in this way, the film is able to draw a level focus to the fact that even though the individual may be flawed, the criminal justice system is impartial enough to ensure that justice is still served regardless of the personal shortcomings that those who work within the process might exhibit. Yet, the careers of the failed professional represented in â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† does not discount the tacit level of trust or belief in the criminal justice system that is reflected; rather, it compounds it be intimating that the criminal justice system is so perfect and so omniscient that even their jaded and rather flawed a pproach to it will still return the same high minded result. An interesting aspect of the file, with regards

A journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A journal - Essay Example Initially I used to jot down a few points in the margin to make me remember things, but learning to create visual learning pegs by labeling notes along the margins, using contrasting colors and styles took my learning strategies to a different level. Other learning skills such as associating different patterns with physical objects, or filling in information from texts and handouts and constantly discussing the topic with colleagues had never occurred to me before and which made learning for me a tedious job. This new way of learning helps me not only to store matter well in my mind but also to recall the matter easily. I think condensing techniques are useful tools that facilitate memorization because when I think of the way I used to try and memorize things, makes me wonder why I never employed these techniques before; because now I find memorizing much easier. Another helpful tool I picked up, was fitting in new matter into the old concepts and reviewing them from time to time. I found this to be exceptionally useful because it helped me to revise a matter that I had deviously learned and it made memorization easier task. Note- taking was a familiar task that I made use during lectures, but the manner in which I used to handle it was a bit monotonous. I came to know that one of the primary goals of note-taking is the gathering of relevant information which could be used for after-class study and organization of ones thoughts. Learning the right technique helped me to jot down notes in a comprehensive manner, which in turn increased my speed and pace. I also learned to take full advantage of the optimal memory curve, by labeling in the margins, using a different color and style. Creating important charts involving visual, auditory and intellectual capacities, in addition to making use of headings, labeling, indenting and other details has gone a long way in helping me to memorize and recall as

Human Rights and World Wide Web Essay Example for Free

Human Rights and World Wide Web Essay These findings lend support to research showing a negative correlation between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Introduction We are witness to the metamorphosis of late capitalism, the interpenetration of postindustrialism with postmodern culture. Spectators (consumers and investors) are given only narrative fragments to construct worker and ecological stories from the vantage points of entry authored by corporate public relations. Corporate authorial-power becomes hegemonic as narrative plots script actions and perception in ways unseen or taken for granted. Consumers in the first world cannot see the ecological or work conditions because these locations are kept as strategic secrets. All one ever hears are stories directly authored by corporate interests acting as gatekeeper, authoring ventriloquist stories on behalf of workers and ecology. What is the relevance of this to Tamara? The play, Tamara, written by John Krizanc (1981, 1989) entraps us as spectators in a maze of story and character choices where our own complicity in civic responsibility stares back at us. Some characters have a voice and access to any spectators; others have either a weak voice or limited access. In Tamara Manifesto (Boje, 2001), there was a call to heed the interpenetration of postindustrialism and postmodern culture, the intertextuality of production, distribution, and consumption. Manguel (1988:1-2) gives us a starting definition of traditional theatrics: Theater, the representation of events as if they happened before your eyes begins with the convention of all spectacle: a division of reality. One space allotted to the audience, the passive viewer, seated to observe; another to the play, the actors, moving to perform. In one space theater, spectators and performers must follow the linear storyline of authorial authority and view the performance from the viewpoint the playwright has determined will be seen by the spectators. In Tamara, the barrier between spectator and actor spaces has been breeched; the spaces co-mingle and spectators become actors on many stages. My theory is that there are three divided spaces with narrators telling stories that connect them operating in a kind of Tamara interconnecting three theatrical spaces: 1. First, a consumptive space of spectators, the consumers and investors from the first world; 2. Second, a distributive space is reserved for performing executives, PR managers, and consultants, who mediate stories performed to the first space on behalf of those in a third space; 3. Third, a productive and ecological space, of the Third World where mostly young women toil and where environmental laws are more lax; workers and forests can not be seen or heard by those in the first space (and maybe not the second). We will look to see how in one industry (athletic apparel) spectators are given a few more choices, in what we call the Athletic Apparel Industry Tamara, to accompany whatever character and story they choose, masters or servants from country to country (or factory to showroom), knowing that there are simultaneous performances and they can not be in every place at one time. In short, consumers and investors rely upon the sharing of stories to construct their image of what is going on. Past examinations of the connection of storytelling and corporate strategy have focused on content analysis and a recent call has been to examine events or texts from a storytelling perspective (Barry Elmes, 1997). Some recent research recognizes that strategic orientations change over time (Black Farias, 2000) and/or may be simultaneously present (Ashmos, Duchan, McDaniel, 2000) and/or may be emergent (Mintzberg, 1987, 1990,1994; Mintzberg McHugh, 1985; Mintzberg Waters, 1985). Ways to determine changes in strategic orientation have included inference from actions (Grimm Smith, 1997) and the examination of archival documents, such as letters to shareholders (Landrum, 2000). We suggest that a more inclusive or Tamara approach is needed to show the complexity of forces that cause the ground to move. We assume there is something about the movement from a divided space in modern theater to the interpenetrating one of postmodern theater that makes Tamara a fit metaphor to analyze the Athletic Apparel Industry. In the past decades, the corporate forte was to sustain the modernist barrier between spaces, as in contemporary theater the spectators sat in their respective spaces and did not question the veracity of the performed narratives. In the last decade, as consumers and investors (first space) visited the stage themselves and entered the third space, or when the workers of the Third World were transported to the first one, then a more democratic theatrics of story production, distribution, and consumption became enacted on the global stage. The power of the corporate gatekeeper was dissolved. This study presumes that storytelling is useful in revealing corporate strategic orientation and in revealing when complexity forces changes and disrupts their orientations and postures. Stories are particularly useful in showing how individuals or corporations make sense of the world. Stories are sensemaking narratives of an organization (Boje, 1991, 1995; Czarniawska, 1998; Frye, 1957; Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach, Zilber, 1998; Riessman, 1993; White, 1973). To explore storytelling and strategy intertextuality, we review an industry context that has been changing drastically over the past decade. The athletic shoe industry was chosen because it is a mature industry and has undergone many changes since the 1980s, such as the movement toward overseas production, increasing globalization, and involvement of activists over labor and environmental issues (Choe, 1999; Shetty, 1996). But it is the decade of the 1990s that has seen the most turbulent and complex changes, and its two most active players have been Nike and Reebok. For example, in 1998 Corporate Watch decided to turn their Greenwash Award into a Sweatwash Award and gave the prize to the Fair Labor Association, newly created by the White House Apparel Industry Partnership. They stated that, The Association will have the power to grant companies the right to sew no sweat labels in their clothing in return for what labor activists fear will amount to cosmetic improvements in sweatshop conditions. (Light, 1998:1) Corporations led by Nike, Reebok, Liz Claiborne and Phillips-Van Heusen (then L. L. Bean and Patagonia) joined with some unknown human rights groups on the taskforce to propose the creation of the Fair Labor Association (FLA). The more radical contingent, UNITE, (the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees), the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, and the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility-were taskforce members who resigned their White House Apparel Partnership positions to protest the weak monitoring practices, no living wage and no right to organize provisions of the FLA. Sweatwash was a reaction to watching two decades of corporate environmentalism become a full court PR press with slick advertising to present a green corporate image to the global stage while co-opting both the human and environmental rights movements. UNITE (1998) argues the FLA was created by a subgroup of the White House task force, consisting mostly of industry representatives from companies such as Nike, Reebok and Liz Claiborne and a few human rights groups. The FLA Clean Clothes/ No Sweat tag was the next industry strategy to mollify consumer and investors who were hearing more stories of exploitation; corporations feared their public image was tarnished by increased activism. In 1998, Nike announced plans to phase out PVC plastics in its shoes and other products and painted its web sites with plans to certify all of its 600 subcontract factories in IS014000 environmental standards. (This followed the 1997 release of the Ernst Young audit showing violations of Vietnamese environmental laws. Reebok, on the other hand, uses part of its advertising budget to give out Human Rights Awards (since 1992), while pretending to consumers and investors its products are `Made in the USA rather than being mostly made in China. Both firms did not just become enlightened one day to environmentalism and human rights, they are responding to public opinion and to amateur actors who are taking the global stage, entering the board room and shareh older meeting asking for independent monitoring of corporate claims (Introductory Guide To Unplugging Corporations, 2001). This study will examine the letters to shareholders of the top two firms in this industry, Nike and Reebok, to trace their environmental and social responsibility rhetoric (Landrum, 2000). To focus exclusively on the environmental and social responsibility narratives, we review Bojes (1999) model and classify the rhetoric in the letters to shareholders following his classification system. We follow with examples of Nike and Reeboks use of each type of rhetoric in their letters, showing the frequency of use of each type of rhetoric, and making some observations regarding Nike and Reeboks environmental and social responsibility rhetoric. Rhetoric in Use Boje (1999) offers a model to classify the environmental and social responsibility rhetoric of corporations. He identifies classifications ranging from a denial of responsibility for environmental and social problems to the embracing of green goals as central to the mission of the organization. These levels of response are: Denial Response One, the first response, is Denial. In Denial, the company denies accusations and ignores problems in their environmental and labor practices. Our hypothesis is that this can work when the three theatrical spaces remain bounded and divided, so that only the corporate executive or PR staff mediates what is going on to the other two spaces. In the Nike (1990-1999) and Reebok (1990-1999) letters, we looked for evidence of denial of problems or for evidence of ignoring problems related to environmental and labor practices. Nike Denial This section will provide some examples of passages coded within the Denial genre of environmental and social responsibility rhetoric. We offer our rationale for coding the passage within this genre. In the following 1994 passage, Nike chooses to criticize the media for their coverage of Nike problems. I coded this passage as denial since Nike refuses to acknowledge the problems that have been exposed by the media. 118: The blinder mentality is bad enough when judging the business world, but 119: it is characteristic of a more serious virus that is affecting the 120: coverage (or non-coverage) of significant cultural and political 121: stories. The sad truth is, as television news in general, and CNN in 122: particular, becomes ncreasingly invested in our lives, the print media 123: are pushed to greater extremes, forced to choose survival over 124: integrity, the most entertaining story over the real story, until we 125: come to this: The New York Times reduced to Vecsey on NIKE. The following passage from the 1995 Nike letter shows Nike again criticizing the media and Wall Street for failing to recognize Nike as a sound investment. Nike neglects to make any mention of the parti cular media exposes that have uncovered Nikes poor labor practices; thus, I have coded the passage as denial. 8: This brings us back to my frustration and, I am sad to say, the 89: futility of this document. It simply does not matter what we say in 90: words or put in numbers in the annual report. This poor little binder 91: is simply overwhelmed by electronic and print sound bites, or ignored 92: by the show biz-oriented media who convey a point of view in conflict 93: with sound investment. 94: 95: As Director John Jaqua says, This has reached the point of 96: ridicularity. 97: 98: So how, in that world, can you understand the who, what, when, where 99: and why of any company, especially one as controversial as NIKE? 00: 101: The sad answer: Cant really. It would be easy if we could bring 102: everybody to the NIKE Campus, or take everybody to 103: the Final Four, or the Olympic Trials, or the World Cup, or a Nebraska 104: high school football game, or a pick-up game on 125th Str eet. Thats 105: the world NIKE lives in. But, we cant do that. 106: 107: Instead, well send our managers back to do what they do: develop and 108: grow the best global company possible, and let the hurricane of media 109: hype blow on around us. The following Nike 1996 passage blames the media for blasting their overseas practices. Even though they have finally acknowledged this particular problem exposed by the media, they choose not to discuss it within the letter to shareholders or within the body of the annual report. Still, Nike did publish a 10-page supplement defending Nikes position; however, it only further exemplifies their denial of the problem. 9: Yet no sooner had the great year ended than we were hit by a series of 10: blasts from the media about our practices overseas. 11: 12: So I sat with a dilemma: Use this space to answer our critics 13: isrepresentations, which would leave little room for anything else, or 14: try to give our owners the bigger picture of their company. 15: 16: I decided to do the latter with, like Roger Maris home run record, an 17: asterisk. We answer the overseas questions in a supplement that is 18: included in the annual report mailing. The following 1997 Nike passage continues to suggest that Nike is failing to acknowledge the problems associated with their overseas lab or practices despite the fact that they have been repeatedly detailed in the media. 3: To do that, I first have to take a second to talk about the filter 34: obstacle, that haze we have to fight through to explain what goes on 35: around this company. 36: 37: NIKE (and the entire industry) tends to be a bit misunderstood. The 38: media prefer to treat us all as the entertainment portion of the 39: business world. So, they feel free to exaggerate, to interpret, to 40: extrapolate. To say they are prone to hyperbole would be an 41: understatement. To say that is how they make their living would not. Reebok Denial No Reebok letters were coded in this category. Green Gloss/Green Wash Response Two is Green Gloss or Green Wash. During this phase, the company launches public relations campaigns to counteract negative publicity or accusations of activists. Nike Green Gloss/Green Wash In the following 1998 Nike excerpt, the company finally begins to acknowledge that labor practices are affecting their bottom line; however, I view this acknowledgment as more of an effort to discontinue denial and patronize the public rather than to make a meaningful effort to change the situation. 24: So, what knocked us down in 1998? 25: 26: Asia brown shoes labor practices resignations ayoffs 27: boring ads. Also, we have been criticized for our headquarters 28: expansion. But understand this: We need a much bigger place to house 29: all our troubles. I have also coded the 1997 Nike passage, mentioned previously (lines 33-41), as another example of green gloss/green wash. The companys defense of themselves in a 10-page supplement not only represented a denial of the problem, but also a public relations effort to justify their practices. Reebok Green Gloss/Green Wash No Reebok letters were coded in this category. Strategic Awareness Response Three is Strategic Awareness. During this phase, there is minimal compliance yet awareness exists of the need for change. Nike Strategic Awareness In the following 1998 Nike passage, the company suggests that the media is slowly becoming more knowledgeable of its questionable overseas labor practices. However, this ostensible change in media attitude is due to the fact that Nike has put forth a good-faith effort to improve their labor practices, and in turn, the media has simply begun to report these changes. 93: On our labor practices: Our friends in the media are slowly becoming 94: more knowledgeable. This is good. It means that consumers are 95: actually getting informed rather than just alarmed. This, too, will 96: take time. Meanwhile, the contrasts between us and our competitors and 97: other companies in the needle trade will show more each year. The following 1998 Nike passage suggests that it realizes that Americans are aware of their overseas practices, and accordingly, that Nike should be credited for this shift in public consciousness. 99: There is an interesting relationship going on between the Asia economic 100: crisis and the labor practices issue, which would take many chairmans [sic] 101: letters to cover. Instead, let me cut straight to the moral of the 102: story: It is simply not acceptable for America to continue to be 103: moated Reebok Strategic Awareness No Reebok letters were in this category. Strategic Acquisition Response Four is Strategic Acquisition, or a voluntary move toward environmental audits and social responsibility. Although Nike makes no mention of their environmental audits, 1997 marked their first voluntary, environmental audit and was conducted by Ernst ; Young. Nike Strategic Acquisition No Nike letters were coded in this category. Reebok Strategic Acquisition Throughout their letters, Reebok makes reference to the fact that they seek to help make a better world and to make a difference. This is evidenced by the following passages from 1990 (lines 47-48) and 1991 (lines 59-60). The company has made a voluntary movement toward being socially responsible. 47: a high level of consciousness and a sense of responsibility to help 48: make a better world. 59: to make a difference for our consumers 60: and ourselves. Flagship Implementation Response Five is Flagship Implementation, in which the firm makes proactive moves to change their core mission and to include green goals. Nike Flagship Implementation No Nike letters were in this category. Reebok Flagship Implementation In the following passages, Reebok makes mention of the various programs and initiatives they started in order to become a socially responsible company. 1992 60: Our push for success, however, has not lessened our desire to make a 61: difference in the larger world. Reebok is unique in its dedication to 62: human rights. Through our Human Rights Awards Program, which just com 63: pleted its fifth year, we strive to bring attention to young people 64: around the world who advance the cause of human rights. This year, 65: through a grant from The Reebok Foundation, a new human rights program 66: began. WITNESS, a program providing video cameras, facsimile machines 67: and computers to human rights organizations, allows human rights acti 68: vists to document abuses of justice for the world to see. 1993 61: Finally, let us note that the aspirations of Reebok extend beyond the 62: bottom line. Our commitment to the pursuit of human rights continues. 3: Once again, we recognized brave young people for their stand on human 64: rights one each from Belgium, Brazil, Egypt, and the United States. 65: Our Reebok Foundation helped inner city young people in United States 66: urban areas. Our Human Rights Production Standards, in place throughout 67: the world, helped assure that workers manufacturing Reebok pr oducts 68: benefited from quality conditions and fair labor practices. 1994 117: Another dimension of Reebok that enhances our global brand image is our 118: goal to be in the forefront of the corporate movement toward social 19: responsibility. We are the acknowledged corporate leader in promoting 120: human rights. Young people around the world, we believe look to 121: companies that stand for more than their great products. We 122: established the Reebok Human Rights Awards program in 1988, and we 123: continue to support it. This commitment led us to establish the Reebok 124: Human Rights Production Standards, through which we strive to improve 125: labor practices in overseas factories that make our products. This 126: commitment also is why we are working to make products that are 127: environmentally sound. We believe that companies should stand for 128: something. We believe our brand should stand for something. Personal 129: athletic achievement is a powerful message, but it is not enough on its 130: own. Reebok does stand for something, and as a result a new generation 131: of young people are able to see that a company can be a source not only 132: of exciting products, but of social good. 1996 55: Our Company continued its long-held commitment to human rights with the 56: Ninth Annual Human Rights Awards in 1996, honoring young activists in 57: their struggle for human rights around the world. Our efforts in this 58: area extend beyond this recognition program and include our 59: establishment in 1992 of human rights production standards that we hold 60: our factories accountable to follow. Most recently, in 1996 in 61: response to the problem of child labor widely utilized in the stitching 62: of soccer balls, we entered into an agreement with our supplier to 63: build a soccer ball manufacturing facility in Pakistan that will allow 64: us to guarantee that all Reebok soccer balls will be made without the 65: rise of child labor. 148: we will continue to focus our efforts 49: on making a difference to our customers to our employees and to our 150: shareholders. 1998 42: I believe that the values that Reebok International stands for 43: as a company are precisely those values that consumers are looking for in todays marketplace. 84: One of the crucial elements of this plan is the repositioning of Reebok Unlimited based on the 85: concept of humanity. Actually, this is not so much of a repositioning as a rediscovery of the 86: values of creativity, free-spiritedness and individualism that we have always represented as a 87: company, but have deviated from recently in our advertising and marketing. Based on a return 88: to these universal human values, we believe Reebok Unlimited is in a unique position to appeal 89: to both the authentic performance and casual lifestyle markets at the same time. Table 1 Table 2: Figure One: Frequency of the use of environmental narratives by Nike and Reebok over the tenyear period, 1990 to 1999 134: WE STAND FOR DOING THE RIGHT THING. 135: 136: Over the past year, a lot has been written about our industry and the issue of human rights. 137: We have been a leader in this area for more than a decade. Running a company involves a lot 138: more than crunching numbers and whatever else gets in your way. It involves a commitment 139: of equal respect and fair treatment for all people. Simply put, this is the Reebok way. It will 140: always be the Reebok way. As concern for human rights issues grows among consumers 141: particularly younger consumers we believe our leadership and reputation will translate into 142: greater preference for our brands and products. Although Nike makes little mention of their environmental practices, labor practices, or social responsibility, those passages included in the letters primarily engage in denial, green gloss, and strategic awareness rhetorical styles. Nikes main response mode during the 1990s was denial. Reebok, on the other hand, mentioned their social responsibility efforts in many of their letters and were primarily engaged in strategic acquisition and flagship implementation rhetoric. Reeboks main response mode was flagship implementation. The companies were at opposite ends of the spectrum in their primary response mode during the 1990s. Both companies, however, were engaged in poor labor practices in their overseas operations (Baskin, 1996; Ernst Young, 1997; Fireman, 1999; Manning, 1997a-g; Nguyen, 1997; Reebok, 1999). The difference is that Nike was denying the problems while Reebok was trying to be open about the problems and address them. Interestingly, we can conclude that being socially responsible and environmentally aware did not result in increased market share or profitability for Reebok. They continued to lose sales and market share throughout the 1990s (Figures 4 and 5). Reebok expected that their social responsibility stance would differentiate them from the competition. Rather, research and development and marketing are key success factors for this industry and Nike outperforms Reebok in both areas. Conclusion Boje (1999) puts forth a model of stages of environmental and social responsibility rhetoric. He suggests that rhetoric falls somewhere in a continuum ranging from Denial to Flagship Implementation. On one end of this continuum, companies may deny any responsibility for or ownership of their negative actions. The next stage of this continuum reflects rhetoric that glosses over issues and uses public relations campaigns in response to negative publicity. The third stage of Bojes (1999) continuum is rhetoric that acknowledges a need for change and puts forth gestures of minimal compliance. The fourth stage on this continuum is rhetoric that shows voluntary movement toward social responsibility and the last stage on the continuum is flagship implementation of environmental practices and embracing social responsibility. This article has shown that rhetoric is a useful way in which to understand and interpret a companys strategy. We have shown a more penetrating, or Tamara, view of the rhetoric of the athletic apparel industry leaders. Through analysis of letters to shareholders of Nike and Reebok over a ten-year period, we have shown Nike and Reeboks use of environmental and social responsibility rhetoric. The results show that Nike has engaged in Denial as their primary rhetorical style and Reebok has engaged in Flagship Implementation as their primary rhetorical style. The companies are at opposite extremes of this continuum. In spite of Nikes denial and Reeboks engagement of social responsibility, Nike revenues have skyrocketed and Reebok sales have plummeted (Figure 4). Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. If rhetoric indeed reveals strategy, these findings suggest that social responsibility and profits are negatively correlated for these two companies. In both Figures 2 and 3, we see the frequency of nvironmental and social responsibility rhetoric used by both companies increased. Nike engaged in rhetoric on the negative end of the continuum, suggesting denial of social responsibility; Reebok engaged in rhetoric on the positive end of the continuum, suggesting implementation of social responsibility. Also near this time, revenues and market share of both companies began to move in a dire ction negatively correlated with the level of social responsibility (Figures 4 and 5). The empirical evidence has been mixed on the relationship between corporate financial performance and social performance. Some researchers (Preston ; OBannon, 1997; Roman, Hayibor, Agle, 1999) have found a positive relationship between corporate social performance and financial performance and other researchers (Ingram and Frazier, 1983; Freedman and Jaggi, 1982) have found a negative relationship. In the case of negative correlations between financial performance and social performance, it is argued that the costs associated with social responsibility put the firm in an unfavorable financial position compared to firms that are not socially responsible (Aupperle, Carroll, Hatfield, 1985). Clearly the relationship between corporate financial performance and social performance is not fully understood. Nonetheless, rhetorical analysis is a useful postmodern tool in revealing a companys strategy and in revealing when changes or shifts in strategy occur. Figure 5 [Reference] REFERENCES Retrieved May 28, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http:// www. netadvantage. standardpoor. com/netahtml/ IndSur/apf/apf_0999. htm Czarniawska, B. (1998). A narrative approach to organization studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [Reference] Ernst ; Young (1997, January 6). Environmental and labor practice audit. Retrieved May 28, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http:/ www. corpwatch. org/trac/nike/ernst/audit. html Fireman, Paul (1999, October 17). Steps we must take on third-world labor. The Washington Post, p. B7. Freedman, M. ; Jaggi, B. (1982). Pollution disclosures, pollution performance and economic performance. Omega, 10, 167-176 Frye, N. (1957). Anatomy of criticism: Four essay . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Reference] Grimm, C. M. ; Smith, K. G. (1997). Strategy as action: Industry rivalry and coordination. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing. Ingram, R. ;Frazier, K. (1980). Environmental performance and corporate disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 18, 614-622. Introductory Guide to Unplugging Corporations (2001) Retrieved March 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http:// www. georgiastrait. org/Unplugging%20Corps. 3. pdf [Reference] Landrum, N. (2000). A Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of the Dynamics of Nike and Reebok Storytelling as Strategy. Doctoral dissertation: New Mexico State University. Lieblich, A. , Tuval-Mashiach, R. ; Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Read analysis. and intc=tation.

Ethnobotany of the Tomato Plant :: Botany Plant Genetics

Ethnobotany of the Tomato Plant The origin of the cultivated tomato is somewhat unclear. Ethnobotanists and geneticists however have attempted to track down the centre of domestication. "The genus Lycopersicon- the botanical group to which the tomato belongs- is native to western South America, and only Lycopersicon lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, the wild cherry form of the cultivated species, has spread throughout Latin America and the New World Tropics. Second, the tomato was not known in Europe until after the discovery and conquest of America, descriptions and drawings first appearing in the European herbals of the middle and late 16th century. Third, these writings clearly reveal that man had been trying to improve the size of the tomato and the diversity of its shape and color. These achievements over the wild ancestors were almost certainly achieved by early man in America. Mexico appears to have been the site of domestication and the source of the earliest introductions, and the wild cherry tomato was proba bly the immediate ancestor." As a matter of fact, "the bulk of the historical, linguistic, archaeological and ethnobotanical evidence favours Mexico, particularly the Vera Cruz-Puebla area, as the source of the cultivated tomatoes that were first transported to the Old World. " Although the origin of the tomato is somewhat clouded, there is no doubt that the cultigen of today has had a long journey. When the tomato finally made its way to Europe, the public responded with fear for several probable reasons. First, tomatoes belong to the family Solanaceae, which includes Datura and Belladonna - the deadly nightshade, among other poisonous species. The assumption was that tomatoes must be poisonous as well. Second, in Germany, because of its terrible smell, the tomato plant was rejected. The tomato acquired names like the "Devil's wolf apple." This great fear of toxicity of the tomato plant probably prevented its utilization for many centuries. Today, the toxicity of the Solanaceae family has been studied extensively, and it has been found that most of the species are posionous. Obviously Belladonna and Datura are among the more poisonous members of the family, but the potato plant is also quite toxic. Lycopersicon spp., which are less toxic than the other members of the family, contain tomatine, a toxic glycoalkaloid . Many wild relatives of the tomato such as Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme, L. chilense, L. peruvianum, L. hirsutum, and L. pimpinellifolium are among the richest genetic pools available for cross breeding.